Data were taken from the BiolFlor database (Klotz & Kühn 2002). There are also intermediate strategies in all possible combinations of the three basic types (CR, CS, SR, CSR). Grime (1974, 1979) distinguished three basic ecological strategies of plants: competitive strategy (C), advantageous in habitats where resources are abundant, conditions not extreme and disturbance level is low stress tolerant strategy (S), advantageous where resources are scarce, conditions severe, but disturbance is uncommon and ruderal strategy (R), advantageous where resources are abundant and conditions not extreme, but disturbance level is high. (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. In such cases, the dominant life form is listed first. Some taxa can belong to more than one life form. The data on life forms were taken from the Key to the Flora of the Czech Republic (Kaplan et al. Macrophanerophytes are woody plants that bear the surviving buds at least 2 m above the ground, usually trees nanophanerophytes are woody plants with surviving buds 0.3–2 m above the ground, usually shrubs chamaephytes are herbs or low woody plants with surviving buds above the ground, but not more than 30 cm above it hemicryptophytes are perennial or biennial herbs with surviving buds on aboveground shoots at the level of the ground geophytes are perennial plants with surviving buds belowground, usually with bulbs, tubers or rhizomes hydrophytes are plants with surviving buds in water, usually on the bottom of water bodies therophytes are summer- or winter-annual herbs that survive the unfavourable season only as seeds germinating in autumn, winter or spring. Life form classification follows the system of Raunkiaer (1934), which is based on the position of the buds that survive the unfavourable season. (2017) On plant modularity traits: functionsĪnd challenges. Ottaviani G., Martínková J., Herben T., Pausas J. (2017) CLO-PLA: a database of clonal and budbank Klimešová J., Danihelka J., Chrtek J., de Bello F. – Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Spectrum: Environmental and demographic implications. (2016) Links between shoot and plant longevity and plant economics The CLO-PLA categories were further divided into separate categories for herbaceous vs woody plants, and taxa not included in CLO-PLA were added. The woody plants are divided into dwarf shrubs (woody plants lower than 30 cm, also including suffruticose plants with erect, herbaceous shoots growing from woody stems at the base, which die out in autumn except for the lowest part with regenerative buds), shrubs (woody plants higher than 30 cm, branched at the base), trees (woody plants with trunk and crown), woody lianas and parasitic epiphytes, which include only two species of the Czech flora, Loranthus europaeus and Viscum album.ĭata were partly taken from the aggregated CLO-PLA 3.4 database (Klimešová et al. The other categories include woody plants, which may but need not possess organs of clonal growth and may be able or not of fragmentation and vegetative reproduction. Perennial herbs are divided into three categories: (i) monocarpic perennial non-clonal herbs, which reproduce sexually only once in their life and do not possess woody aboveground parts or organs of clonal growth, (ii) polycarpic perennial non-clonal herbs, which reproduce sexually several times during their life and do not possess organs of clonal growth, and (iii) clonal herbs, which possess organs of clonal growth enabling them to make fragments during their life and to form independent units (ramets) by vegetative reproduction the whole plant reproduces sexually several times during its life, while individual ramets may reproduce once or several times during their life. They may but need not be clonal their clonality typically does not result in fragmentation. Annual herbs live for one season only and reproduce by seed usually in the same season in which they germinated. Here the growth form is classified into nine categories, which also consider herbaceous vs woody nature of the stem. Growth form describes the potential life span of the plant and its parts (ramets), its reproductive strategy and durability of its aboveground parts (Klimešová et al.
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